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How To Minimize Overbreak In Tunneling?

Overbreak in tunneling refers to the phenomenon where rock excavation goes beyond the calculated profile, resulting in additional damage to the surrounding rock mass and increased costs to the construction project. There are several factors that can contribute to overbreak, including poor excavation sequences, unprofessional blasting procedures, and insufficient primary support. One major factor that can cause overbreak is the presence of unfavorable joints in the rock, which can lead to fractures intersecting the jointing planes and causing large pieces of material to fall out of the face during excavation. This can be mitigated using controlled blasting techniques, such as pre-splitting, trim blasting, and line drilling, which are particularly effective in large rock formations. However, these techniques may not be effective when the rock has multiple joints between blast holes, and those joints intersect the face at less than a 15-degree angle. Another factor that can cause overbrea...

Advantages and Limitations of Geophysical Site Investigations

Advantages of geophysical investigation methods include their ability to map subsurface variations in a non-destructive manner, and their ability to image deep and shallow subsurface structures. Limitations include their sensitivity to surface topography and the need for a clear path for wave propagation. The specific advantages and limitations of each method, such as ERT, SRT, MASW, MAM, and HVSR, can vary depending on the technique and the subsurface structure being studied. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a geophysical method that uses electrical currents to map subsurface resistivity variations. Advantages of ERT include its ability to map subsurface resistivity variations in a non-destructive manner, and its ability to image deep subsurface structures. Limitations include its sensitivity to surface topography and the need for a clear path for electrical current injection and measurement. Seismic refraction tomography (SRT) is a geophysical method that uses the travel ti...

My village

My village, so dear to my heart Fresh air and water, a true work of art A place of beauty, hills and green forests Where I played and found my rest The villagers, kind and helpful souls I hope they're all in good health, that's my goal My birthplace, a haven compared to the town I wish I could spend my whole life there, never to be brought down The memories of my village, forever in my mind A peaceful existence, so pure and kind Though I may be far, my village is always near In my thoughts and my heart, it will forever be dear. My village, a place of simplicity Where nature's beauty is in full visibility The sound of birds singing in the morning light The smell of fresh grass, such a delight The people, like a family to me Their warmth and love, always will be The traditional customs and culture A treasure that I will always nurture As I sit here, reminiscing on my past My village, forever it will last In my heart, it will always be My village, my home, my destiny.

The tunnel cycle

The tunnel cycle using the drilling and blasting method typically involves the following steps: Drilling: Holes are drilled into the rock or earth regularly along the proposed tunnel alignment. Blasting: (Loading and blasting) Explosives are placed into the drilled holes and detonated to break up the rock or earth. Mucking:  The broken rock or earth is removed from the tunnel using equipment such as loaders or conveyors. Supporting:  The tunnel is supported and stabilized with materials such as steel ribs, concrete or shotcrete. Scaling:  The overhang blocks are removed and make excavated face smooth. Ventilation:  Air is circulated to ensure safe working conditions for the workers. Surveying : Survey the tunnel face to fix it with the design orientation and shape. Repeat:  The process is repeated until the tunnel is completed. It is important to note that the specific steps and methods used may vary depending on the type of rock or earth being drilled and blast...

Tribute To Dear Granddad

A granddad who lived ninety years A man of wisdom, love, and cheer He was a guiding light, a source of strength Raising a family, with great length He was an educator, learner, and a leader Inspiring minds and hearts, forever Born in a small village(Kusunde) in Nepal's Lamjung district He lived a life that was truly distinct A writer, with over twenty books to his name Three published, with more to claim He was a treasure, a blessing to all Bringing joy and love, standing tall He was a rock, a steady force A source of encouragement, of course He always knew just what to say And his words will guide us every single day So let us celebrate the life he led And the love and joy he always spread He may be gone, but he will always be In our hearts and memories, eternally Tribute to dear granddad Your love and light will always be had You will be missed, but never forgotten For the love you gave will live on and on - Grandson Sudarshon 

Happy New Year 2023 AD

Shyambhu Nath, Kathmandu Nepal  I am a geologist with love for nature and all its products, Proud of my motherland, my heart always erupts, With positivity and determination, I face each day, Embracing all the challenges that come my way. As the new year arrives, 2023, I am filled with hope and joy, my heart sings, A time to reflect on all I've done, And look forward to the future, all is won. I appreciate the beauty of the world around me, The natural wonders that never cease to be, For each day is a gift, a chance to give, To make a difference and truly live. So let's embrace the new year with love and positivity, Spread kindness and compassion, for all to see, Together we can make a difference, In the world and in ourselves, let's take the chance. Here's to a beautiful 2023 AD, May it be filled with love, laughter, and happiness beyond measure.

Groundwater-related Problems in Foundation Engineering

  There are several groundwater-related problems that can impact foundation engineering: High water table: A high water table refers to a situation where the level of groundwater is close to the surface of the ground. This can create problems for foundations, as the weight of the building may cause the soil to become saturated and unstable. When soil becomes saturated with water, it can lose its strength and stability, which can lead to the settlement of the foundation. Settlement is the process by which the foundation sinks or settles into the ground, which can cause structural damage to the building. Signs of foundation settlement include cracks in the walls or floor, doors that stick or do not close properly, and windows that are difficult to open or close. Poor soil drainage: Poor soil drainage can cause excess water to accumulate around the foundation, which can lead to the same problems as a high water table. Poor drainage can be caused by a variety of factors, including...